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Showing posts from January, 2021

What Does a Sponsored Interview Entail?

A Sponsored Interview is a unique venue for promoting your business. It can be an effective tool to market your company if executed correctly. But there are certain guidelines that need to be followed to make sure that the Sponsored Interview delivers results. If you follow these tips, you will find that the Sponsored Interview delivers on its promises to help your business. The first step towards a successful Sponsored Interview is the preparation of the questions that you would like the interviewee to answer. In order to be effective, the questions should relate to the products and/or services that you offer, the benefits of joining your business, the reasons why the audience might consider joining your business and so on. Asking the right questions ensures that the audience gets drawn into your message and your company's message to them. You must also ensure that the questions are easy to answer and should not be too technical. In other words, the questions should not be asking...

Flywheel

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A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to use the conservation of angular momentum so as to efficiently store rotational energy; a form of kinetic energy proportional to the product of its moment of inertia and the square of its rotational speed. In particular, if we assume the flywheel's moment of inertia to be constant (i.e., a flywheel with fixed mass and second moment of area revolving about some fixed axis) then the stored (rotational) energy is directly associated with the square of its rotational speed. Since a flywheel serves to store mechanical energy for later use, it is natural to consider it as a kinetic energy analogue of an electrical inductor. Once suitably abstracted, this shared principle of energy storage is described in the generalized concept of an accumulator. As with other types of accumulators, a flywheel inherently smoothes sufficiently small deviations in the power output of a system, thereby effectively playing the role of a low-pass filt...

Applications

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Flywheels are often used to provide continuous power output in systems where the energy source is not continuous. For example, a flywheel is used to smooth fast angular velocity fluctuations of the crankshaft in a reciprocating engine. In this case, a crankshaft flywheel stores energy when torque is exerted on it by a firing piston, and returns it to the piston to compress a fresh charge of air and fuel. Another example is the friction motor which powers devices such as toy cars. In unstressed and inexpensive cases, to save on cost, the bulk of the mass of the flywheel is toward the rim of the wheel. Pushing the mass away from the axis of rotation heightens rotational inertia for a given total mass. A flywheel may also be used to supply intermittent pulses of energy at power levels that exceed the abilities of its energy source. This is achieved by accumulating energy in the flywheel over a period of time, at a rate that is compatible with the energy source, and then releasing energy a...

History

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The principle of the flywheel is found in the Neolithic spindle and the potter's wheel, as well as circular sharpening stones in antiquity. The mechanical flywheel, used to smooth out the delivery of power from a driving device to a driven machine and, essentially, to allow lifting water from far greater depths (up to 200 metres (660 ft)), was first employed by Ibn Bassal (fl. 1038–1075), of Al-Andalus. The use of the flywheel as a general mechanical device to equalize the speed of rotation is, according to the American medievalist Lynn White, recorded in the De diversibus artibus (On various arts) of the German artisan Theophilus Presbyter (ca. 1070–1125) who records applying the device in several of his machines. In the Industrial Revolution, James Watt contributed to the development of the flywheel in the steam engine, and his contemporary James Pickard used a flywheel combined with a crank to transform reciprocating motion into rotary motion.

Physics

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A flywheel is a spinning wheel, or disc, or rotor, rotating around its symmetry axis. Energy is stored as kinetic energy, more specifically rotational energy, of the rotor: E k = 1 2 I ω 2 {\displaystyle E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}I\omega ^{2}} where: E k {\displaystyle E_{k}} is the stored kinetic energy, ω is the angular velocity, and I {\displaystyle I} is the moment of inertia of the flywheel about its axis of symmetry. The moment of inertia is a measure of resistance to torque applied on a spinning object (i.e. the higher the moment of inertia, the slower it will accelerate when a given torque is applied). The moment of inertia for a solid cylinder is I = 1 2 m r 2 {\displaystyle I={\frac {1}{2}}mr^{2}} , for a thin-walled empty cylinder is I = m r 2 {\displaystyle I=mr^{2}} , and for a thick-walled empty cylinder is I = 1 2 m ( r e x t e r n a l 2 + r i...

Material selection

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Flywheels are made from many different materials; the application determines the choice of material. Small flywheels made of lead are found in children's toys. citation needed Cast iron flywheels are used in old steam engines. Flywheels used in car engines are made of cast or nodular iron, steel or aluminum. Flywheels made from high-strength steel or composites have been proposed for use in vehicle energy storage and braking systems. The efficiency of a flywheel is determined by the maximum amount of energy it can store per unit weight. As the flywheel's rotational speed or angular velocity is increased, the stored energy increases; however, the stresses also increase. If the hoop stress surpass the tensile strength of the material, the flywheel will break apart. Thus, the tensile strength limits the amount of energy that a flywheel can store. In this context, using lead for a flywheel in a child's toy is not efficient; however, the flywheel velocity never approaches its b...

Table of energy storage traits

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Flywheel purpose, type Geometric shape factor (k) (unitless – varies with shape) Mass (kg) Diameter (cm) Angular velocity (rpm) Energy stored (MJ) Energy stored (kWh) Energy density (kWh/kg) Small battery 0.5 100 60 20,000 9.8 2.7 0.027 Regenerative braking in trains 0.5 3000 50 8,000 33.0 9.1 0.003 Electric power backup 0.5 600 50 30,000 92.0 26.0 0.043 For comparison, the energy density of petrol (gasoline) is 44.4 MJ/kg or 12.3 kWh/kg. High-energy materials edit For a given flywheel design, the kinetic energy is proportional to the ratio of the hoop stress to the material density and to the mass: E k ∝ σ t ρ m {\displaystyle E_{k}\varpropto {\frac {\sigma _{t}}{\rho }}m} σ t ρ {\displaystyle {\frac {\sigma _{t}}{\rho }}} could be called the specific tensile strength. The flywheel material with the highest specific tensile strength will yield the highest energy storage per unit mass. This is one re...

Design

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Rimmed edit A rimmed flywheel has a rim, a hub, and spokes. Calculation of the flywheel's moment of inertia can be more easily analysed by applying various simplifications. For example: Assume the spokes, shaft and hub have zero moments of inertia, and the flywheel's moment of inertia is from the rim alone. The lumped moments of inertia of spokes, hub and shaft may be estimated as a percentage of the flywheel's moment of inertia, with the majority from the rim, so that I r i m = K I f l y w h e e l {\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {rim} }=KI_{\mathrm {flywheel} }} For example, if the moments of inertia of hub, spokes and shaft are deemed negligible, and the rim's thickness is very small compared to its mean radius ( R {\displaystyle R} ), the radius of rotation of the rim is equal to its mean radius and thus: I r i m = M r i m R 2 {\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {rim} }=M_{\mathrm {rim} }R^{2}} Shaftless e...